With respect to settlement, Vancouver, Montreal, and Toronto have the highest number of undocumented migrants, with nearly 50% residing in Toronto alone. If it is assumed that workers are accompanied by family, the numbers in Ontario would rise to the highest figure previously estimated for all of Canada. In 2003, Ontario’s Construction Secretariat purported that there were 76,000 non-status immigrants in Ontario’s construction industry alone, while other sources confirmed that at least 36,000 failed refugee applicants had never been deported, and another 64,000 individuals overstayed their work, student or visitor visas in 2002. A guesstimate of about half a million has been proposed nationally, but this number varies among other sources which suggest anywhere from 20,000 to 200,000 undocumented workers. There are no accurate figures representing the number or composition of undocumented immigrants residing in Canada. In this article, undocumented workers are defined as women and men who participate in the Canadian labour force by legally entering the country and (a) not respecting the limits of their visa or (b) over staying their visa permitted time, as well as by illegally entering the country, including those smuggled across the border.
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